Before diving into the book’s context, let’s discuss who de Sade was. Marquis de Sade was a known libertine, or someone who challenges moral principles, usually in a sexual manner. As this book was being written, de Sade was in prison for the umpteenth time due to his sexually explicit behaviors and crimes. Taking this into account, it seems like 120 Days of Sodom could’ve been written as a memoir of sorts regarding his own sexually explicit acts and fantasies he wanted to act on. Contrarily, this book could also be a bastardized satire regarding the elite classes of France and their actions against the people. This book was written in 1785, or just 4 years before the French Revolution, so political tensions would’ve most definitely been high at this point.
Taking a look at our characters in the book, all four of the “offending” men hold positions of power. You have the Duc de Blangis, a figurehead of nobility; the Bishop, who serves as a figurehead of the church; Durcet, a banker or someone dealing in finances; and finally, the President de Curval, who served as a judge in the courts. All of these characters represent those of the elite class in France, people who would not have been looked at fondly during this time the book was being written. It is very plausible, considering their positions and actions within the novel, that this was a book written to poke fun at this class. However, it seems the book was never finished as the ending devolves into a bulleted listing of events, so we may never know de Sade’s true intent behind 120 Days of Sodom. There is further convincing evidence of satire being the case, due to how corrupt the elites of France were at the time. The fact that de Sade mentions that every character has a hand in the murders of others could be a commentary on how the elite would execute those of the lower classes and those who opposed their rulings.
Currently, it seems as though the original text sits in the form of a scroll in the Museum of Letters and Manuscripts in Paris, France. It’s unclear as to how many copies of this book exist today, but it is noted that this work is still controversial to this day. Was de Sade a secret author of satire, or was this novel perverted just for the sake of perversion? We may never know, but I can say for certain that it is extremely disturbing in content, and even if satire was indeed his angle, it could’ve been achieved with less pedophilia and sexual torture.